Measurement of Second Language Anxiety in the Target Language Environment: The Japanese Language Anxiety Scale-- Test Construction, Reliability, and Validity.
One hundred and ten male and 133 female students in Japan were administered the Self-Perception Scale and the Self-rating Depression Scale. The results showed that: (1) positive and negative illusion phenomena were similar to that of Toyama(1999); (2) self-perceptions were
related to mental health; (3) students with self-enhancement tended to show better mental health, whereas those with self-effacement, in the form of seeing oneself as being in average, showed as good mental health as those with self-enhancement only where negative illusion phenomena were shown; and (4) students with self-effacement showed as poor mental health as those with self-devaluation when positive illusion phenomena were shown.
Mental Negotiations Between Selves and Others in Problem Solving Situations.
A total of 63 college students (29 male and 34 females, 18-23 years old) in the Tokyo
metropolitan area were individually asked to solve dilemmas while thinking aloud, postulating, "if I were..." and tape-recorded for 60-90 minutes. The results of the analysis of the protocols show that participants were concerned about the benefits for both themselves and others, differentiated who the target person was in each of the dilemmas, and to what degree each of the issues was serious for them.