Concepts of Interrelations Among Number, Length, and Crowdedness in 5- to 10-Year-Olds.
Examined was the development of concepts in children about the interrelations among number, length, and crowdedness, using pictures of flower beds with tulips in various length and density. Participants were 136 five- to ten-year-olds. The results were as follows: (a)for five- and six-year-olds, concept of crowdedness was difficult; (b)the relation between number and length was grasped by five-year-olds, who did not understand the three-term-relation, crowdedness=number/length; (c) eight-year-olds seemed to grasp the inverse relation between crowdedness and length, and the two direct relations, although not to integrate them into the three term relation yet; and (d) the three-term-relation was grasped by only five out of 20 children even at age of ten.
Functional Motor Development of the Arm in Manipulation of a Drawing Device.
Two hundred and fourteen children, ranging from 30 to 69 months of age, were observed while they were filling in a circle with a felt-tip pen. In the younger children, drawing behavior was governed by motions of the proximal joint. As age increased, the moving joint was switched to more distal ones. These changes were closely related with the portion of the body contacting the desk.
Is Unrelistic Optimism Really Adaptive?: A Negative Aspect of Repressors' Optimism.
The answer is "no". "Repressors" are defined as those who score low on the STAI and high on the Marlowe-Crowne scale. In Study I, a questionnaire research revealed that repressors exhibited tendencies of overly positive self-evaluation and unrealistic optimism. In Study II, their unrealistic optimism was further examined by an experiment, where their expectations about the examination scores was found to be much higher than the actual results. The study also revealed that even after informed the inaccuracy of their expectation, they would not lower their expectation for the next exam. These results suggest that the unrealistc optimism of the repressors seemed to stem from the neglection of negative feedback.